In winter 2018, a massive type D/C cattle botulism outbreak occurred on a mixed dairy and broiler farm in France.An investigation was conducted based on the hypothesis of asymptomatic carriage in poultry.We set out to identify the source of contamination of the dairy cattle and to monitor the contamination of broilers over time, including the hatch

Peptide therapeutics play a key role in the development of new medical treatments.The traditional focus on endogenous peptides has shifted from first discovering other natural sources of these molecules, to later synthesizing those with unique bioactivities.This review provides concise information concerning antimicrobial peptides derived from mari

In the field of animal behavior, effective methods to apprehend causal relationships that underlie the interactions between animals are in dire need.How to identify a leader in a group of social animals or quantify the mutual response of predator and prey are exemplary questions that would benefit from an improved understanding of causality.Informa

The Four-Level Framework of speech sensorimotor control (Van der Merwe, 1997) complicates the traditional view of dysarthria as a purely motor execution disorder.According to this framework, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic and ataxic dysarthria are programming-execution dysarthrias, while flaccid dysarthria is the only execution dysarthria.This prelimina